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    Injection fears and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy

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    Date
    2021-06
    Author
    Freeman, Daniel
    Lambe, Sinead
    Waite, Felicity
    Rosebrock, Laina
    Petit, Ariane
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    Citation
    Daniel Freeman Sinéad Lambe , Ly-Mee Yu , Jason Freeman , Andrew Chadwick , Cristian Vaccari , Felicity Waite , Laina Rosebrock , Ariane Petit , Samantha Vanderslott , Stephan Lewandowsky , Michael Larkin , Stefania Innocenti , Helen McShane , Andrew J. Pollard and Bao Sheng Loe. Injection fears and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. 2021. Psychological Medicine, 1-11.
    Abstract
    When vaccination depends on injection, it is plausible that the blood-injection-injury cluster of fears may contribute to hesitancy. Our primary aim was to estimate in the UK adult population the proportion of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy explained by blood-injection-injury fears. Methods In total, 15 014 UK adults, quota sampled to match the population for age, gender, ethnicity, income and region, took part (19 January–5 February 2021) in a non-probability online survey. The Oxford COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Scale assessed intent to be vaccinated. Two scales (Specific Phobia Scale-blood-injection-injury phobia and Medical Fear Survey–injections and blood subscale) assessed blood-injection-injury fears. Four items from these scales were used to create a factor score specifically for injection fears. Results In total, 3927 (26.2%) screened positive for blood-injection-injury phobia. Individuals screening positive (22.0%) were more likely to report COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy compared to individuals screening negative (11.5%), odds ratio = 2.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.97–2.40, p < 0.001. The population attributable fraction (PAF) indicated that if blood-injection-injury phobia were absent then this may prevent 11.5% of all instances of vaccine hesitancy, AF = 0.11; 95% CI 0.09–0.14, p < 0.001. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy was associated with higher scores on the Specific Phobia Scale, r = 0.22, p < 0.001, Medical Fear Survey, r = 0.23, p = <0.001 and injection fears, r = 0.25, p < 0.001. Injection fears were higher in youth and in Black and Asian ethnic groups, and explained a small degree of why vaccine hesitancy is higher in these groups. Conclusions Across the adult population, blood-injection-injury fears may explain approximately 10% of cases of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Addressing such fears will likely improve the effectiveness of vaccination programmes.
    Description
    This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.
    URI
    https://oxfordhealth-nhs.archive.knowledgearc.net/handle/123456789/881
    Published online at:
    https://doi:10.1017/S0033291721002609
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