Child Developmenthttps://oxfordhealth-nhs.archive.knowledgearc.net/handle/123456789/1062024-03-28T14:31:21Z2024-03-28T14:31:21ZBilateral Permanent Childhood Hearing Loss and Health-Related Quality of Life in AdolescenceExternal author(s) onlyhttps://oxfordhealth-nhs.archive.knowledgearc.net/handle/123456789/8822021-10-20T14:04:34Z2021-06-01T00:00:00ZBilateral Permanent Childhood Hearing Loss and Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescence
External author(s) only
Little is known about the impact of bilateral permanent childhood hearing loss (PCHL) on
health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The objective of this study was to describe preference-based
and non-preference based HRQoL outcomes in adolescence, from both self and proxy perspectives,
amongst participants of the Hearing Outcomes Project. The Health Utilities Index Marks II (HUI2)
and III (HUI3) and the PedsQLTM Version 4.0 Generic Core Scales were used to measure HRQoL
based on self and parent proxy reports in 114 adolescents aged 13–19 years, 76 with bilateral PCHL
and 38 with normal hearing, recruited from a population sample that was followed up from birth to
adolescence. Descriptive statistics and multivariable analyses were used to estimate the relationship
between severity of PCHL and HRQoL outcomes. PCHL was associated with decrements in mean
multi-attribute utility score that varied between 0.078 and 0.148 for the HUI2 (p = 0.001) and between
0.205 and 0.315 for the HUI3 (p < 0.001), dependent upon the national tariff set applied and respondent
group. Multivariable analyses revealed that, after controlling for clinical and sociodemographic
covariates, mean HUI3 multi-attribute utility scores were significantly lower in adolescents with
moderately severe, severe and profound hearing loss than in adolescents with normal hearing.
Significant differences in physical functioning, social functioning, psychosocial functioning and total
PedsQLTM scores were only observed when assessments by parents were relied upon, but these
dissipated in the multivariable analyses. Bilateral PCHL is associated with poorer HRQoL outcomes
in adolescence. Further studies conducted are needed to understand the trajectory and underpinning
mechanisms of HRQoL outcomes following PCHL
2021-06-01T00:00:00ZThe neural correlates of inhibitory control in 10-month-old infants: a functional nearinfrared spectroscopy studyGreenhalgh, Isobelhttps://oxfordhealth-nhs.archive.knowledgearc.net/handle/123456789/8122021-05-24T16:31:29Z2021-04-01T00:00:00ZThe neural correlates of inhibitory control in 10-month-old infants: a functional nearinfrared spectroscopy study
Greenhalgh, Isobel
Inhibitory control, a core executive function, emerges in infancy and develops rapidly across childhood. Methodological limitations have meant that studies investigating the neural correlates underlying inhibitory control in infancy are rare. Employing functional near-infrared spectroscopy alongside a novel touchscreen task that measures response inhibition, this study aimed to uncover the neural underpinnings of inhibitory control in 10-month-old infants (N = 135). We found that when inhibition is required, the right prefrontal and parietal cortices were more activated than when there is no inhibitory demand. Further, activation in right prefrontal areas was associated with individual differences in response inhibition performance. This demonstrates that inhibitory control in infants as young as 10 months of age is supported by similar brain areas as in older children and adults. With this study we have lowered the age-boundary for localising the neural substrates of response inhibition to the first year of life.
2021-04-01T00:00:00ZDevelopment of directed global inhibition, competitive inhibition and behavioural inhibition during the transition between infancy and toddlerhoodGreenhalgh, Isobelhttps://oxfordhealth-nhs.archive.knowledgearc.net/handle/123456789/8042021-05-07T15:27:11Z2021-04-01T00:00:00ZDevelopment of directed global inhibition, competitive inhibition and behavioural inhibition during the transition between infancy and toddlerhood
Greenhalgh, Isobel
Abstract Inhibitory control (IC) is a core executive function integral to self-regulation and cognitive control, yet is itself multi-componential. Directed global inhibition entails stopping an action on demand. Competitive inhibition is engaged when an alternative response must also be produced. Related, but not an executive function, is temperamentally-driven wariness of novelty, known as behavioural inhibition. Understanding early development of these components has been hampered by a shortage of suitable measures. We combine established and novel measures to capture directed global inhibition (Toy Prohibition, Touchscreen Prohibition), competitive inhibition (A-not-B, Early Childhood Inhibitory Touchscreen Task; ECITT) and behavioural inhibition (Touchscreen Approach) in 113 10- and 16-month-olds (73 seen longitudinally). Pre-registered analysis of ECITT performance shows good 1-week test-retest reliability at 10 months (r=.30-.60). Ten-month performance on directed global inhibition measures shows little stability to 16-months, and may be primarily influenced by behavioural inhibition. Performance on measures targeting similar IC components shows greater coherence at 16 months (r=.23-.59) compared with 10 months (r=.09-.35), and developmental progression across this period. Probing of ECITT condition effects indicates toddlers are more able, compared with when they were infants, to override immediate prepotencies; indicative of increasingly flexible control over behaviour. However, exerting inhibitory control over cumulative prepotencies appears to be just as challenging for toddlers as infants. Exploratory analyses (requiring replication) indicate reciprocal associations between behavioural and competitive inhibition across infancy into toddlerhood, yet limited cross-sectional associations. In combination, these study findings provide new insights into IC development across the under-studied yet key transition between infancy and toddlerhood
Preprint available online
2021-04-01T00:00:00ZA critical evaluation of systematic reviews assessing the effect of chronic physical activity on academic achievement, cognition and the brain in children and adolescents: a systematic reviewExternal author(s) onlyhttps://oxfordhealth-nhs.archive.knowledgearc.net/handle/123456789/5452020-07-24T10:01:02Z2020-06-01T00:00:00ZA critical evaluation of systematic reviews assessing the effect of chronic physical activity on academic achievement, cognition and the brain in children and adolescents: a systematic review
External author(s) only
Background
International and national committees have started to evaluate the evidence for the effects of physical activity on neurocognitive health in childhood and adolescence to inform policy. Despite an increasing body of evidence, such reports have shown mixed conclusions. We aimed to critically evaluate and synthesise the evidence for the effects of chronic physical activity on academic achievement, cognitive performance and the brain in children and adolescents in order to guide future research and inform policy.
Methods
MedLine, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and ERIC electronic databases were searched from inception to February 6th, 2019. Articles were considered eligible for inclusion if they were systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis, published in peer-reviewed (English) journals. Reviews had to be on school-aged children and/or adolescents that reported on the effects of chronic physical activity or exercise interventions, with cognitive markers, academic achievement or brain markers as outcomes. Reviews were selected independently by two authors and data were extracted using a pre-designed data extraction template. The quality of reviews was assessed using AMSTAR-2 criteria.
Results
Of 908 retrieved, non-duplicated articles, 19 systematic reviews met inclusion criteria. One high-quality review reported inconsistent evidence for physical activity-related effects on cognitive- and academic performance in obese or overweight children and adolescents. Eighteen (critically) low-quality reviews presented mixed favourable and null effects, with meta-analyses showing small effect sizes (0.1–0.3) and high heterogeneity. Low-quality reviews suggested physical activity-related brain changes, but lacked an interpretation of these findings. Systematic reviews varied widely in their evidence synthesis, rarely took intervention characteristics (e.g. dose), intervention fidelity or study quality into account and suspected publication bias. Reviews consistently reported that there is a lack of high-quality studies, of studies that include brain imaging outcomes, and of studies that include adolescents or are conducted in South American and African countries.
Conclusions
Inconsistent evidence exists for chronic physical activity-related effects on cognitive-, academic-, and brain outcomes. The field needs to refocus its efforts towards improving study quality, transparency of reporting and dissemination, and is urged to differentiate between intervention characteristics for its findings to have a meaningful impact on policy.
Open access
2020-06-01T00:00:00Z